Particles

	Particles	Function	Examples
Topic	は (wa)	Topic marker	Nihon wa omoshiroi desu.
Subject	が (ga)	Subject marker	Tabemono ga oishii desu.
Topic/Subject	も（mo）	= Also	Norimono mo suki desu.

Object	を（o）	Object marker	Ringo o agemasu.
Indirect Object	に (ni)	Object marker	Anata ni agemasu.
Direction	へ(e) / に(ni)	= to, toward	Eki e/ni ikimasu.
Location	に（ni）	= at, in	Ie ni imasu.
Location (place of dynamic action)	で（de）	= at, in	Soto de asobimasu.
Temporal word	に（ni）	= at / on / in	8:30 ni ikimasu.
Person/thing	と（to）	= with (joint action)	Tsune to ikimasu.
Method(s)	で（de）	= by / through	Kuruma de ikimasu.
Starting point / source	から（kara）	= from	Ie kara ikimasu.
Ending point	まで（made）	= till / up to	Kuukoo made ikimasu.
Dead line	までに（madeni）	= By	Getsu-yoobi madeni teishutsu shimasu.

Alternative

か（ka）

＝ or

Alternative

Ringo ka mikan o kudasai.

Tsune ka Nubia ga kimasu.

Enumerative

と（to）

= and

Enumerative

Nihon to Australia ga suki desu.

These particles are attached to the end of the sentence, and serve to make it into a question or to add the feelings of the speaker. Pay attention that you do not make any mistakes in the intonation (the rising and falling of the tone), as this may result in having you intention misunderstood.

Final particles	Function	Examples
Ka	(↑) question	Kore wa takai desu ka?	Is this expensive?
	(↓)Uncertainty	Kore wa doo daroo ka.	I wonder how this would be.
	(↓)Comprehension.	A, soo desu ka.	Is that so.
ne	(↑) confirmation	Nonaka sensei desu ne.	It’s Mr.NONAKA, isn’t it?
ne	(↓) agreement	Aa, ii desu ne.	Oh, that’s good, isn’t it?
nee	(→) in thought	Soo desu nee.	Hmm…
yo	(↑) Supplying information	Moujiki da yo.	It’s soon.
yo	(↓) assertion	Kare wa kakkoii yo.	He is cool.
yone	(↓) emphasis	Kore wa takai desu yone.	Is this expensive, right?

Function

Examples

Ka